Water Quality And Waste Water Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water Quality And Waste Water Management - Essay Example As a result these people become sick, develop serious illnesses, and die from water borne diseases(Drinking Water and Quality,2001).Inadequate water leads to poor sanitation and hygiene and malnutrition posing a major threat to humans; causing millions of deaths - particularly of children less than 5 years of age. Water crisis often forces people to use stagnant water for drinking and washing themselves who then fall victim to many different kind of diseases. 2. Water quality and quantity of concern In the United States most of the drinking water comes from surface or ground water sources. Researches show surface water from sources like rivers, streams, lakes is under environmental contamination of algal growth, geologic formations, waste water plant treatment discharges, agricultural discharges etc.The major concern with ground water resources is chemical contamination from arsenic and radon due to natural hydrology, contamination of soil from hazardous waste dumps and leaky undergr ound storage tanks . Water quality concerns in the developing countries are not limited to public health. Contamination of water by poisonous metals such as arsenic and mercury in mining activities are hazardous to the forest ecosystems and their bio-diversity. The United States is relatively water sufficient at 8,830 m3/person per yr.But a recent report generated by Tetra Tech for Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) shows that in the coming decades one out of three countries will face greater risk of water shortages due to global warming and climate change and may hamper economic development and agricultural production. In contrast water scarcity had been a matter of concern since decades in developing countries. Shortage of water often leads to water washed diseases as people cannot wash themselves, their homes or clothes regularly. These include eye infections like trachoma and skin diseases such as scabies. Over 200 million people are infected due to ingestion of worm eggs or larvae and the diseases causes 20,000 deaths a year. . In many developing nations women and young girls may take the responsibility to draw and carry the family’s water over miles. In long term carrying such heavy weights may damage their neck, head and spine and lead to problems in pregnancy and child birth (Pruss-Ustun and Bos, 2008). 3. Description of water quality and quantity issues Recent studies have shown that world population had increased 300% in 20th century and water demand 700%.In addition, 2 million tons of human waste is dumped annually into the rivers and streams around the globe. Ownership of water rights is complicated and not always clear. For example, water resources like well may belong to ‘X’ but the water rights may belong to ‘Y’. ‘Y’ may lease the water for use on land owned by ’Z’ (Goff L, 2004). Current capital investment is insufficient to maintain and renew existing facilities for public alrea dy having water supply and sanitation coverage. For example, an estimated US$ 52 billion (Bartram and Hutton, 2009) is needed annually and only around 25% of that ?nance is available. Studies have shown that the water supply targets are justified for all regions around the globe, but the sanitation targets are only unambiguously justified for the Americas. This is attributed to two factors: the costs of sanitation connections are about three times those of water supply and the benefits per connection are somewhat lower. It is reported that the costs of achieving the sanitation targets by 2015 exceed the benefits for many of the developing regions in Africa and Asia. The majority of

Zero Dark Thirty, Affecting America Essay Example for Free

Zero Dark Thirty, Affecting America Essay Describing the murder of Osama Bin Laden, Zero Dark Thirty remains top in the box office, garnering over five Oscar nominations and deeply affecting its audiences. Disturbing and poignant, this â€Å"R† rated production accurately depicts the nature of war in countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan, while viewers vicariously experience the violence of terror attacks and observe the involvement of America’s Military and Intelligence Communities. Scenes exhibiting torture techniques spark controversy, leading to discussions about the ethics surrounding their use. Lastly, the dramatic story highlights the career of Maya, a female CIA operative determined to bring about the capture of Osama Bin Laden. Zero Dark Thirty introduces viewers to the horrors of the war on terror and those who fight the battle, the controversial subject of torture, and the inspirational character Maya. While dinning at a premier Pakistani hotel, Maya and her fellow diners’ lives abruptly change when the room around them explodes, the result of a suicide bomb. Through the portrayal of events such as these, Zero Dark Thirty reveals the horrific conditions under which American military and intelligence personnel work. Far from the minds of most American’s, but constantly in the minds of those on the front lines, looms the thought that each day could bring death for themselves or their colleagues. Living under these conditions, the mind snaps leaving one in every eight soldiers returning from overseas suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, proving that the pain of working in these circumstances scars the soul. Zero Dark Thirty introduces not only the horrors of torture, but the necessity of obtaining information. Struggling with the idea of forcefully extracting information from detainees, America’s shifting political environment after a presidential election reveals itself in a scene where United States President, Barack Obama, orders the Central Intelligence Agency to end the use of torture techniques. Too easily, graphic scenes of torture override the weak memories of Americans and they forget the heinous deeds propagated on uninvolved bystanders. People should never lose the intensity of the shock experienced on September, 11, 2001 when realizing that the objects tumbling from the twin towers no longer resembled pieces of the falling buildings, but came into focus as innocent victims leaping to their death before the inferno claimed their body and soul. Vital information withheld by radical jihadists endangers the lives of millions of people as terror plots blow apart the world. Zero Dark Thirty reopens this conversation. Serving as a powerful female image to many young women in America, actress Jessica Chastain portrays a determined CIA operative who seeks to find and kill Osama Bin Laden. Throughout the movie, Maya expresses her morals by remaining persistent in her journey to find Osama Bin Laden. In one scene she expresses her plans for the future, after a bombing killed many of her colleagues, stating â€Å"Im going to smoke them (Bin Laden’s assistants) and then Im going to kill Bin Laden.† No matter how many disregarded her or underestimated her research, in the end her incredible persistence led to the defeat of the mastermind behind 9/11 who destroyed many lives of American families. She set an example to young women as she stood strong against a group of men disagreeing with her, always remaining certain in a sea of uncertainty, providing America with closure and reward for over a decade of work. Recounting history’s greatest manhunt, Zero Dark Thirty introduces the world to another level of terrorism, explaining everything from detailed missions to their Pakistani allies. Characters like Maya speak volumes about the type of people protecting our country and how their lives remain on the line to ensure the safety of American citizens. Disputing the recent controversy over a process referred to as enhanced interrogation techniques, the new information known about the treatment of detainees left a sense of necessity for the use of torture methods on jihadists, knowing that it can save lives. Without a doubt everyone will leave the theater with a sense of pride in our nation for accomplishing such a hard task, but also feeling somber as they relive large terror attacks such as 9/11, or think upon the unknown bombings that occur every day in foreign countries. Work Cited: â€Å"Zero Dark Thirty† http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1790885/ â€Å"Study of 9/11 Emotional Response† http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2015528,00.html â€Å"1 in 8 returning soldiers suffers from PTSD† Associated Press. Date Last Revised: 6/30/2004.http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5334479/ns/health-mental_health/t/returning-soldiers-suffers-ptsd/ â€Å"Election will decide future of interogation metods for terrorism suspects† Charlie Savage http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/28/us/politics/election-will-decide-future-of-interrogation-methods-for-terrorism-suspects.html?_r=0

IMC Planning Model Analysis

IMC Planning Model Analysis Involves the process of planning, executing, evaluating controlling the use of our various promotional mix elements to effectively communicate with targeted audience, it provides framework for developing, implementing and controlling our organizations IMC program. Review of marketing plan: before launching our product we put in our minds that it will not be easy to compete with big names in tea industry such as Lipton for example; there for we understood that we must come up with some thing new, something different in-order to be unique, special and to attract our needed customers and play it wisely with the worlds number one Lipton.. therefore we had to understand our market situation: where we are (Now) and where it tends to go (Future) and how it will tend to go there, some detailed steps had to take place such as: A detailed situation analysis: Internal marketing audit and review Nestle is one of the leading companies in the market it is structured in a way to integrate all its departments (sales, marketing, CCSD, supply and demand) activities to reach a way to be profitable and to be the market leaders by owning the largest market share. External analysis of the market competition and environmental factor Nestle Egypt main brands are Maggie, Nescafe, Nido, and cerlak. Each brand has its own competitors and by introducing Nestea (Elite tea), our main competitors are Lipton, Ahmed tea, Dilmah. Each one of the competitors is serving a large target segment and the opportunity is to serve more specific segments (concentrated market) although Lipton is moving towards to be more customers specific. Specific marketing objectives Goal: From the heavens of earth, we provide our consumers with the finest picks of tea leaves for a royal taste Vision: To be ranked the best quality tea in the market Time frame for marketing activities: Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-sep Aug-Dec T.V ads Magazine Billboard Sponsor League Mechanisms for measuring our performance: Surveys and telephone Questioner Slogan: Blend of quality and tastetea leaf Marketing strategy/Program Targeted audience/markets: NESTLEs center of attention are People as a whole despite demographic, psychographics and geographic. The main aim of the firm is PEOPLE. This can be seen from their media and hoardings. Even on the packing design you can see the FAMILY, which focuses all the age groups. new-icon-customer-care Plans for the 4ps Place: nestle divides the market or customers into two, modern trade (MT) and traditional trade (TT), according to Nes-tea (elite tea) we will focus more on the modern trade according the high price Price: the price will be higher than the other tea brands due to the higher quality Promotion: promotions will be settled upon giving sophisticated gifts to show and maintain the image of a high quality brand. Product: the product is characterized by the best tea taste. The product display box will be expressing the high quality of the tea and people. Program to implement the strategy Advertising Research: A subset of marketing research, advertising research is the systematic gathering and analysis of information to help develop or evaluate advertising strategies, ads and commercials and media campaigns. Following are the types of the advertising research target-market-400300 Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Advertisers use quantitative research to measure market situation in hard number. 3 basic methods to collect quantitative data are mkt manager Observation Experiment Survey Nestle use this research method to get the results about their advertisement research. Qualitative research seeks in depth, open ended responses, not yes or no answers to get people to share their thoughts and feelings. This research is used more often to give advertisers a general impression of the market, the customer, or the product. The methods used in qualitative research are usually described as Projective Techniques Nestle do both type of research. They do ongoing research whole year and on the basis of the results they make their decision for the future.marketresearch Process of monitoring and evaluating performance Control At the end of every month there is a meeting for evaluation of results and to act on the feedback. The performance if not +, leads toward change in strategies Feed-back The effectiveness of a communication is assessed when the source receives a response. The response can be in many forms. Hopefully, the response or feedback is premeditated and desirable. The feedback can be a tangible product of the communication and can lend itself to easy evaluation. For e.g. we like to buy Elite tea for its high quality or it is the best taste in the market. Why its important in our perspective It is very important to evaluate our progress to know if there is any broken link in our process to solve as soon as possible to maintain our success and to attain our goal effectively. For us this step is an Integral part of the marketing strategy 2. Promotional program situation analysis: After reviewing the overall marketing; the next step in how to develop a promotional plan by conducting the situation analysis. This situation analysis mainly focuses on the development of the promotional strategy. Inside the promotional program situation analysis it includes two types the internal analysis and the external analysis. (Advertising and Promotion, 2009: p.29) Internal analysis: Assesses related areas involving the product, service offering. (Advertising and Promotion, 2009:P. 29) . There is more than one thing that is related to Product. The promotional mix; it contains the sales promotions, advertising, and personal selling. The sales promotion; it is direct to consumer and distributor channel members. Inside the sales promotion there is something called consumer sales promotions techniques. These techniques are used by the consumer to influence him towards purchase. Those techniques are also used by nestle for the Elite-Tea. The loyal reward program is done for targeting consumer who purchases this product for more than one. It allows him to collect points and at the end they concede these points and in return get a reward. For example: If consumer buys two-packs of Elite-Tea, then he/she will have a cup for free. The price of each pack is a deal between the consumer and the company, so the pack of the tea will be increasing by 25%. For example: Eli -Tea since the company has started to launch the product inside the market, so they decided to put inside each pack 25% more tea bags. Nestle was doing something new about this new product; they were doing something called online-coupons and these are coupons posted online on nestle web-site. In case of logging-on to the site and looking for the new products, coupons could easily get printed by consumers while being seated in his/her place. In other cases like entering a hypermarket; consumers could also get have coupons from the sales person standing. Also at the same time consumers will get a free pack of Elite-tea for sampling and testing. Advertising; Nestle is doing one of the most successful campaigns. The way of communication thats convinces or motivates the viewer of the advertisement to purchase the product after watching it. Also Nestle tried to focus more on the direct response of the advertisement. It is also one of the things that lead any campaign to be a successful one. In Elite-Tea advertisement; Nestle company is trying to mention or show how this product efficiently contains lots of benefits. In addition to this; it is clear in the advertisement, which market segment is being targeted by the company (Middle-Class Upper-Class) Strengths: Better Taste High Quality Comfortable Price More Tea Bags inside the pack Good brand name and image that have a reputation Have Competitive Advantage. (Unique in the price, Product design, Product Packaging) Weakness: Segmented only For the Middle class and The Upper Class There are a lot of competitors. External Analysis : It focuses on specific factors such as, characteristics of the firm consumers, market segment, positioning strategies, and competitors. Nestle is always caring about the external analysis. For consumers; Nestle cares about which type of consumers are buying the product through surveys and questionnaires. Like who buys our products and services? The answer is the middle and the upper class that will be able to purchase this product. What does the consumer buy? What needs must be satisfied? Normally the consumer is buying the benefits of the product and that will satisfy his needs and wants. Then after they understand how the consumer thinks; they start to segment the market by dividing it based on the similarities among groups of people. Nestle is segmenting the market, based on demographic variables such as the age (Teenagers-elders). Also by sex, it could be used by both genders. It might be considered as if its for psychographic segments because it depends on the lifestyle. I think big a percentage of consumers life style is to drink tea. Competitors: Who are our direct competitors? Lipton Ahmad Tea Who are Our Indirect competitors? Al-Jawhara Tea El Arosa Tea. More Market Share. Better known in the market. What Key Benefits are used by our competitors? The price much lower There reputation in the market Known By the distributes elit tea without boarders 529px-Nestlà © Analysis of the communication process: (How our product can effectively communicate with consumer in its target market) Communication goals: We want our customers to have a positive perception towards the tea which we produce, increase likability, and be the number one in the market. Communication objective: are reports of what various aspects of the IMC plan will accomplish. (Advertising and Promotion, 2009: 211). In order to reach the communication goals, objectives should be met. Improve brand awareness, brand quality. Marketing objective: are generally stated in the firms marketing plan and are statements of what is to be accomplished by the overall marketing program within a given time period. (Advertising and Promotion, 2009: 210). Our purpose of the marketing objective is to: Increase market share. Increase sales. Be the number 1 in the market. Communication Process Source: Is the person or business that has information to share with another person or group of people. (Advertising and promotion, 2009: 146). Nestle is the source. Encoding: Involves putting thoughts, ideas, or information into a symbolic form. (Advertising and promotion, 2009: 148). Eli tea which Nestle provides it leads to a long healthy life because it Gives refreshing and full energetic feeling. Nestle tea contains chemical which is called polyphenols, which gives tea antioxidant properties that protects against cancer diseases. Message: The encoding process leads to development of a message that contains the information or meaning the source hopes to convey. (Advertising and promotion, 2009:148) We want to provide best quality and best taste Channel: Is the method by which the communication travels from the source or sender to the receiver. (Advertising and promotion, 2009:149). Consists of two channels: Personal channels: Are direct interpersonal (face-to-face) contacts with target individuals or groups. (Advertising and promotion, 2009:149). In big supermarkets such as Carrefour, spinneys and etc. there are booths standing inside them sales people who offer free tea samples and if the consumer likes the taste they could purchase. Non personal channels: Are those that carry a message without interpersonal contact between sender and receiver. (Advertising and promotion, 2009:150). Nestle Eli tea commercial on a prime time show. Receiver: Is the persons with whom the sender shares thoughts or information. (Advertising and promotion, 2009:152). Consumers are the receivers; the message should be simple so that they can decode it. Our audiences are the clients whom are looking for a blend of taste and royalty at any age. Decoding: Is the process of transforming the senders message back into thought. (Advertising and promotion, 2009:152). The receiver should be able to decode the message, the decoding here is the: Fresh Energetic Natural beauty Smiley face Noise: The unplanned distortion or interference is known as noise. In case of advertising on T.V or radio we should be considering the signal, on bill board we should be considering traffic and weather. (Advertising and promotion, 2009:152) Response / Feedback: Response: The receivers set of reactions after, seeing, hearing, or reading the message is known as response. Feed back: The part of the receivers response that is communicated back into the sender. The response and feed back of the consumer is that they feel healthy when they drink Eli Tea. tea leaftea leaftea leaftea leaftea leaf elit tea without boarders529px-Nestlà © 4. Budget Determination After determining the communication objectives, our attention now focuses on the promotional budget. In an ideal world, the amount needed to spend on our promotion should be determined by what must be done to accomplish the communication objective. However, promotional budgets are sometimes determined using a more simplistic approach, ex: how much money is available or a percentage in our companys sales revenue. At this stage, the budget is often uncertain. It may not be finalized until specific promotional mix strategies are developed (Belch Belch 2009) Nestle in terms of financial analysis it focuses on how much amount it uses on its activities in the industrial sector and it also reflects how efficiently the organization is utilizing its resources. A new budget is formulated every year, each time a new product is introduced, or when either internal or external factors necessitate a change to maintain competiveness. Essentially, in our product we focus on two primary budgeting decisions: establishing a budget amount and allocating the budget. Many firms employ more than one method, and even budgeting approaches vary according to the size and sophistication of the firm. Here in Nestle and specifically our new product Nestle EliTe we use the Top-Down Approaches/or Budgeting instead of using contribution margin and/or marginal analysis approaches. Here the budgetary amount is determined usually at senior manager level and then the duties are agreed down to the different departments. Top management sets the spending limit Promotion budgets set to stay within spending limit However, Top-down methods include the affordable method, arbitrary allocation, percentage of sales, competitive parity and return on investment (ROI), yet according to our new product and its position in its product life cycle (PLC) it is still in the introduction level; it cannot fit in some of these approaches: like Percentage of sales and/or the ROI. Affordable method: the organization agrees on the amount to be used up in different areas such as production and operations. Then it distributes whats left to advertising and promotion, taking into account this to be the total it can afford. And this we think that its the best way or safest way to launch our product. Adding to that, at the same time we could check our Competitive parity were Nestlà ©s executives establish funds amount by linking the competitions percentage of sales expenditures.lipton_logo Q We ask ourselves two questions in this stage! What will be the promotional program cost? Incentive Discounts ramadan Ramadan offers Buy 3 and get 1 free Free samples Market share Overall company market share in the Egyptian market is 80%. Budgeting j0229385 Electronic Media 15-tea-bag-set Cost of TV Ad Prime Time: 6-11 pm al7ayat Channels: Al-Hayat, El-Mehwar, Ch.2 (EGY) Cost in Prime Time: L.E 75,000/min elm7wr Cost in Off-peak time: L.E 27,000 30,000/min Cost of Billboard Size: 2700 sq. ft Skin: L.E 57,000 Rent for 1 month in (X) Area: 600,000 1,000,000 Cost of Hanging Hoardings Size: 5ft x 2 ft Cost: 150/boarding Rent: L.E 1,350/week Cost of Posters Paper weight: 135 gram Size: 18 inch x 23 inch Quantity: 3000 @ LE. 4.15/poster Estimated Marketing and Promotional program expenditure: L.E 3 Million * Additional sponsors: facebook_logo Face book Worlds Gym FM 5ICCAUHVPF3CA8P67L6CAFROY90CA2LVWPECAHDMJ1ECAGPOIILCANB87TGCATSQJDICA0TZB81CAAS5S9FCAB2ZLOZCAPVENOECA0JPL1HCARCO1NACAFIOCX3CAQA1XAQCAAO6DY4CAU92F52 Magazines (Teen stuff, Fatafeat)  © Estimated numbers by Nestle Elite Tea How will the money be allocated? money_sign Once the budget has been appropriated, the next step is to allocate it. The allocation decision involves determining which markets, products, and promotional elements will receive which amounts of the funds appropriated. Market size: While the budget should be allocated according to the specific promotional tools needed to accomplish the stated objectives, the size of the market will affect the decision. Small Markets Often easier and less expensive to reach the target market. Large Markets The target group maybe more dispersed and thus more expensive to reach. Market potential Market share goals Organizational characteristics: the organization structure, power and politics in the organization hierarchy, characteristics of the decision maker, approval and negotiation channels. Loans: a serious amount of money (probably large) taken by the company from banks as to accomplish a specific task and then repay it with a certain amount of commission. Sponsorship: All of the sponsors of our product, they try and help our product to penetrate the market. Investment/Revenue: We would rely on the arbitrary allocation or ROI approach.

Antigone or Creon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone Essay -- essays resea

A tragic hero is a character in a play that is known for being dignified but has a flaw that assists in his or her downfall. Antigone is a Greek tragic piece written by Sophocles. In the theatrical production the use of power and morality versus law is evident. The promotion to the conflict was that Creon created a law in which enabled Polynieces, Antigone’s brother, to be buried in the proper way. As it is the way of the gods Antigone found it fit to bury her brother causing her to disobey the law of Thebes. Both Antigone and Creon, the main characters, could represent a tragic hero. However Creon is more eligible for being the tragic hero because he fits the definition. Aristotle’s idea of a tragic hero was that the character was of noble stature. Tragic heroes are great, but not perfect. If they were perfect the audience would not be able to identify with the tragic hero. And lastly the hero's downfall is the fault of their own, the result of free choice, not of acci dent. Creon was the king of the city of Thebes and the father of Haemon and Megara by his wife, Eurydice. As descr...

Ielts vs Toefl

Many students around the world look forward for studying in the United State of America. They are required to pass any English as A Second Language exam. The two most popular exams for international students are the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS. Many students get confused which exam is easier for them. In fact, it depends on the student to decide which is the easiest for him or her. There are many reasons to consider whether to choose taking the IELTS or the TOEFL-IBT. One of the biggest differences between these exams is in the speaking section.In the TOEFL-IPT, students use computers to take the exam. The speaking section on the TOEFL-IBT requires listening to six conversations and lectures, then students must talk about the conversations or the lectures that they heard for one minutes each. In the IELTS, students do not use computers and do not listen to any conversation or lecture. They speak with examiners instead of computers. The examiners ask some general and specific questions th en they must answer these questions. Many students say that the IELTS is easier than the TOEFL-IBT in the speaking section because it is more reliable.For example, in the TOEFL-IBT, some students may get lectures about subjects that they are not familiar with such as physics and chemistry. Many students say it is difficult to speak for one minute with computers under pressure about something that they have not talked about before. On the IELTS, on the other hand, students get general and specific questions such as education, sport and business. They said that they can speak and discus with examiners about these questions and it is the best way to measure their abilities in speaking. The second difference between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS exams is in the writing section.The biggest difference is in the way that students write. In the TOEFL-IBT, students use computers in the whole exam. Therefore, they should type two essays in sixty minutes. On the IELTS, on the other hand, student s use paper and pencils to write their essays. They must write two different essays in sixty minute by hand. It is obvious that it depends on the students to choose what is easier for them. For example, some students are good writer on the computer. They can type faster than writing by hand. Therefore, they prefer the TOEFL-IBT rather than the IELTS because they can write more word in less time using computers.On the other hand, some students prefer the IELTS because they are very slow writers using computers. It takes them more time to write and look for the letters on the keyboard. As a result, they prefer the IELTS because they used to write by hand and they do not want to waste their time looking for the liters on the keyboard. The third difference is in the listening section. In the TOEFL-IBT, students get questions first. They can read the questions and prepare for what they should listen to, then they listen to the lectures or conversations.On the other hand, the students who take the TOEFL-IBT are not allowed to read any question that they will be asked. Therefore, they listen to the lectures or the conversations and take notes then they get the questions. In fact, many students believe that the TOEFL-IBT is difficult in the Listening Section because they do not know what they will be asked after the lectures. For example, in the TOEFL-IBT, many students get confused while they are listening to the lectures. The lectures normally take six minutes and they cannot take note on everything that the lectures say.On the IELTS, the students hear the lectures while they read questions. They can answer questions directly then they can move to the next question. In the end, many students work hardly to learn English to study in the U. S. many of them have good English abilities but they fail in English as A Second Language exams. Some students choose wrong exams that do not match their skills. They do not know the differences between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS. The Writing, Speaking and Listening sections are different between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS.

Energy Drinks Essay Essays

Energy Drinks Essay Essays Energy Drinks Essay Essay Energy Drinks Essay Essay The usage of energy drinks in the United States has increased more than the controversial ingestion of regular sodium carbonates. Harmonizing to Coca-Cola executives. net incomes from energy merchandises since 2005 through 2008 will number $ 540 million. compared with $ 210 million for regular soft drinks. $ 130 million for bottled H2O and $ 290 million for athleticss drinks ( Warner ) . So what is it about this drinks that make them more popular than our pure and critical H2O? The reply is really simple ; our feverish life styles. Today’s society is filled with exhaustion and high emphasis degrees ; many people rely on energy drinks to give them that 2nd air current. which helps them remain awake through a trial. and even resuscitate them for a party. Harmonizing to Simmons Research. 31 per centum of adolescents in the United States say they drink energy drinks on a regular footing. Peoples use energy drinks to hike their energy so they can be able to execute better. but because energy drinks contain ingredients that harm the human organic structure they should be banned all over the universe. There are some factors that increase the popularity of energy drinks. For illustration the easy to catch construction in which they are packed. The little container makes it speedy to imbibe down. and the smaller graduated table gives the feeling that the contents are more concentrated. which attracts the consumer even more. The colour of the energy drinks is another ground for their popularity ; a combination of bright and graphic colourss such as acidic leafy vegetables and yellows. black and ruddy suggest a sense of energy and high public presentation. The enigma spirit in energy drinks is another ground why these drinks are consumed in surplus. Compared to a typical juice offering. there is small or nil about energy drink packaging to state the consumer what the merchandise tastes like. Alternatively. the in writing accent is more on the consumer’s esthesias and attitude than spirit or thirst ( Patterns ) . It is hapless to see how large companies and makers of these merchandises use the ignorance and deficiency of cognition of people to do a net income. Unfortunately we can non victimise ourselves and fault everything on them. We are responsible for what we do and I believe that we should make some research before we buy a merchandise that is evidently non natural at all. Energy drinks are made up of caffeine. taurine. guarana. ginseng. gingko. ephedrine. B vitamins and many other sugars. Caffeine is one of the most active ingredients in energy drinks ; it is a psychotropic substance found in the beans. foliages and fruit of over 60 workss ; it stimulates the nervous and cardiovascular system. Taurine is an amino acid that our organic structure of course produces. but in energy drinks the taurine is a man-made component. It helps modulate pulse. musculus contractions. and energy degrees. Normally our organic structure makes plenty so that we don’t need to supplement. Guarana is derived from South America workss and it contains about three times more caffeine than java beans. It stimulates the cardinal nervous system. cardiac musculus. every bit good as the respitarory system. B vitamins aid change over sugar to energy. Ginseng is an herbal stimulation used to bring around. from emphasis to hapless memory to diabetes. Gingko is another herbal stimulation that is used to handle memory loss. concerns. pealing in the ears and depression. Ephedrine is a stimulation. used as a decongestant in interventions of asthma. The chemical construction is similar to pep pills and Methedrines. This stimulation is found in weight loss pills. it speeds up metamorphosis by doing energy that is acquired from nutrient to fire faster. These ingredients do non sound harmful at all. Many of them are natural and even good for our wellness. So why have energy drinks been banned in a few states? Lashkar-e-taibas me now introduce to you the negative sides of all these ingredients. Harmonizing to Roland Griffiths. a professor in behavioural biological science. the sum of caffeine that is necessary to bring forth dependence and backdown symptoms is about 100 mgs a twenty-four hours. A can of energy drink has 80 to 160 mgs ( Warner ) . Some of the side effects that the usage of caffeine creates are dependence. diarrhoea. voluminous micturition and concerns. It besides increases the bosom rate. blood flow. respiratory rate. and metabolic rate for several hours. Caffeine causes anxiousness. crossness. high sensitiveness to resound. and self-mutilations. There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric upsets recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition: caffeine-induce anxiousness upset. caffeine-induced sleep upset. and caffeine-related upset non otherwise specified ( NOS ) . Caffeine is besides associated with a high hazard of developing Parkinson’s disease in work forces. The side-effects that taurine causes are about the same as caffeine. but many people claim that it kills your bosom. since it is found in the cardinal nervous system. skeletal and is more to a great extent concentrated in bosom tissues and the encephalon. Taurine found in energy drinks is a man-made vitamin that does non execute the same maps in the human organic structure as vitamins found of course in whole nutrient foods would. These vitamins really deplete the organic structure of other foods. and pull your kidneys before being excreted through the piss. The side effects of Ginseng are nervousness. insomnia. and diarrhoea. The effects of gingko are restlessness. disquieted tummy. diarrhoea. and purging. A soft drink normally has 19 to 25 gms of sugar in each eight-ounce helping. Energy drinks on mean contain more than this. Red Bull. for illustration. contains 27 gms of sugar per helping of 250 millilitres ( a little over eight ounces ) . This can be really unsafe. for an overload of sugar can take to stomachic voidance. This frequently consequences in sickness and emesis. As it was stated above each of the ingredients that a energy drink contain have several and powerful side effects when taken individually. conceive of how unsafe they be can when taken all at the same clip. Peoples are utilizing energy drinks as an surrogate for proper remainder. nutrition. and exercising like the spokeswoman for the American Dietetic Association. Roberta Anding said ( Ellis ) . Many wellness jobs can develop from the deficiency of proper remainder like a weakened immune system. depression. high blood force per unit area. fleshiness. and diabetes. The best replacement of energy drinks is H2O. Our organic structure is 55 to 75 per centum made out of H2O and its benefits are infinite. Water improves energy. additions mental and physical public presentation. removes toxins and waste merchandises from the organic structure. keeps the tegument healthy and glowing. helps to lose weight. reduces concerns and giddiness. helps digestion. helps the bosom work better. reduces emphasis. and prevents urinary piece of land infections by blushing out drosss from the organic structure. Many people that do non like to imbibe H2O can replace the energy drinks with natural juices such as orange which are 87 percent H2O or by eating Cucumis sativuss which are 95 percent H2O. Milk is another liquid that can replace energy drinks. Milk is our first beginning of nutrition when we are born ; we are fed with this liquid before he can digest other nutrient. Milk is made out of concentrated fat. protein. Ca and vitamin C. Saturated fat provides the edifice blocks for cell membranes and it besides acts as a bearer for vitamins A. D. E and K. This fat makes the lungs healthier. prevents stroke. and protects kidneys from diseases. Calcium makes up 70 per centum of the bone weight and gives it strength and rigidness. Vitamin C helps the organic structure produce a basic constituent of connective tissues called collagen. Collagen is an of import component in the blood vas walls. gums. and castanetss. Vitamin C maps as an antioxidant. it helps hike immune map protects against malignant neoplastic disease. cataracts. impairment of the retina. and other chronic diseases. Nowadays we live in a society that is ever on the spell and we are ever looking for ways to acquire more energy to be able to acquire through school. work or any other responsibilities that we may hold. But seting our lives in danger by devouring energy drinks is non deserving it. The authorities should decidedly make something about it alternatively of allowing some people get rich by the ignorance and deficiency of cognition of most of the people that consume these harmful drinks. Clayton. Lawrence. Amphetamines and Other Stimulations. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Inc. . 1998. Ellis. Steven. Energy drinks bubble up. The Christian Science Monitor. 7 June 2007. 20 November 2007 Goldish. Meish. The Dangers of Herbal Stimulants. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Inc. . 1998. Gustafson. C. J. The Health Benefits Of Drinking Water. 2005. 22 November 2007 Warner. Melanie. â€Å"A Jolt of Caffeine. by the Can. † New York Times 23 Nov. 2005. 20 November 2007.

To Kill a Mockingbird3 essays

To Kill a Mockingbird3 essays Title of work: To Kill A Mockingbird In 1960 Harper Lees To Kill A Mockingbird was first published. Interviewers were stunned when they first met Harper Lee, after reading this novel. They often felt as if they were coming face to face with a grownup version of Scout Finch, the six-year old of the novel. Her features at thirty-five marked her as a former tomboy. Harper Lee was born in 1926, she would have been the same age as Scout during the time this story took place. She grew up in Monroeville, Alabama, a place much like the town of Maycomb described in this novel. Harper Lees father, Amasa C. Lee was a small town lawyer with an unusual first name. Just like Atticus Finch in this novel. Harper Lee attended the University of Alabama and spent a year in England as an exchange student at Oxford University. In 1950, she quit law school and moved to New York, and starting her dream career devoting her time to writing. Much of the background information for the novel came from Lees childhood experiences; the plot was mostly all from her imagination. In 1957, she finally finished the rough draft for To Kill A Mockingbird. The first editor turned it down; she spent much of two and a half more years reworking it. Finally in 1960, To Kill A Mockingbird was ready for publication. This book was a real success with readers young and old as well as the reviewers. The movie rights were sold immediately. In 1961, Lees success was crowned with a Pulitzer Prize for fiction, making her the first woman to win the award since 1942. Harper Lee has a very unique style in this novel. He uses different types of writing to get your attention and help you picture a mental image. Lee uses imagery throughout this novel. As soon as you start reading she has already sketched out the town scenery and a description of Boo Radley. Everything that happens takes on a clear focus with the way she uses imagery. The style that Lee...

Behind A Convicts Eyes, Behind Prison Walls in a Modern American Prison essays

Behind A Convict's Eyes, Behind Prison Walls in a Modern American Prison essays 1950's films about babes behind bars' aside, even Hollywood has had difficulty fully romanticizing the experience of prison. Even Hollywood shows a prison that eviscerates the human soul in a horrific fashion, as seen in films such as "Hurricane" and "Animal Factory." The protagonists of both films are changed forever because of their prison experiences. They are, and this is perhaps the Hollywood' element of their story, changed for the better. But the changes come more along the lines of a what doesn't kill you makes you stronger' line of narrative argument, rather than because prison fulfills an essentially rehabilitative function. It would be nice if prisons could rehabilitate as well as destroy. But the nature of the system seems to do more to keep individuals whom are harmful to society, away from the rest of so-called law abiding society, rather than to really change the ineffective life patterns and emotional coping mechanisms that exist within the structural life patterns of criminals. Behind A Convict's Eyes does little to alter this sense of prison as a holding cell' of the human soul, a site of stasis rather than of shifting consciousness for most. Perhaps this is because the central protagonist will never leave the prison whose existence he discusses. But it may also be because of the nature of the incarceration system as a Behind A Convict's Eyes as a real-life depiction of life in modern American prison lacks even the Hollywood touches of a protagonist denied justice, or the solidarity that ostensibly exists behind bars. There is a prison culture,' the book makes clear. Just as a criminal culture encouraged individuals to participate in criminal activity while they were living on the outside,' similarly there is also a culture of the criminally incarcerated that exists on the inside of prison walls. But the sadness and the hopelessness o...

U3 Lab Reprort Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

U3 Reprort - Lab Report Example One area that has been greatly impacted by these advancements is the telecommunications industry. The industry started taking shape in the late 1970s. By the early 1990s, the world was starting to align itself technologically in order to allow for flawless communication. However, telecommunications services were very expensive then, with bulky phones and very limited services that could only support voice communication. Due to technological advancements this has however changed to what we have today: voice, data, text and video exchanges. The driving force behind all these advancements is networking. This is the same story for computer technology as well. The world has increasingly been moving to a point where they can literally use the internet for anything. In the recent years, there has been a huge buzz about cloud computing. The driving force behind this is networking. With regards to these facts, networking therefore plays a major role in determining how well I understand various key concepts in my career and how well I can integrate these concepts to provide networking solutions: something that is very much needful in my career path. Understanding routing concepts, remote network access, Network Address Translation, SSTP, CMAX, including various policies that come with networks will be instrumental in how productive and innovative I will be in my

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Define international business and explain how it affects each of us in Essay

Define international business and explain how it affects each of us in our daily activities - Essay Example The great Silk Road was another prominent trade route, which facilitated trade between different countries across Asia and Europe. The present global trade has evolved from ancient practices, where merchants engaged in trade to get profit, while the governments engaged in the trade for the same reasons in addition to expansion of their political influences. Due to the movement of people and services across different countries, international trade affects cultural, social, economic, and political aspects of the countries and the people engaged in the trade (Vadime, 2000). This paper examines international business in context with historical development and its influence on our daily lives. The objective of the earliest trade just like the current international commerce was to satisfy diverse human needs and wants. Because of diverse distribution of resources in different geographical regions, scarcity and availability of goods and services initiated the early trade. People from one re gion exchanged their commodities at their disposal with goods and services from other regions. In this regard, goods and services were exchanged directly without use of currency in transactions called barter trade. One of the earliest challenges that plagued early trade was geographical distances between the source and market of the commodities and services. This resulted to the development of transportation networks, linking all the trading regions involved. Allen, et al (2000) noted that the earliest forms of transport during the early trade were human porters and the use of domesticated animals such as camels and donkeys. According to Francis (2007), domesticated animals enabled early traders to travel long distances and this form of transport made early Arabian traders very successful in the trade. Francis (2007) noted that as early as in the second millennium, Arabs organized trade caravans across the Arabian Peninsula and the Far East. This resulted to the formation of the ear ly trade routes where valuable goods such as silk, precious metals and spices were traded across the regions. Early caravans across long distances were not profitable for trading in cheaper commodities. However, people could travel across shorter distance to exchange cheaper but essential commodities such as food, animals, ornaments and textiles with one another (Francis, 2007). The earliest trade routes were on the land and could not take place across regions isolated by large water bodies (Allen, et al 2000). In addition to geographical limitations of the land routes, many caravans were attacked as they travelled across hostile regions resulting to heavy loss of lives and trade. To ensure the safety of trade routes, Curtis, et al (1999) noted that most traders formed partnerships with people along the routes and in other cases, established empires resorted to military intervention and expanding their territorial boundaries across the region of trade interests. However, the discove ry of water transport in the third millennium solved some of the challenges of land routes, such as insecurity and limitations of the quantity of cargo carried. According to Curtis, et al (1999), maritime trade developed after realization that monsoon winds could be manipulated to propel sea vessels across large geographical regions isolated by water bodies. According to Daniel (2007), the waterways enhanced international trade further by opening up

Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Data Analysis - Assignment Example Using the Sharpe ratio, the mutual funds for FLCSX are still the best when comparing the risk and return for the investment. JFMAX is the stock that has been greatly diversified. This is because it sells in many countries in different countries. That will ensure that the risk of loss is reduced because it will be subject to a few issues and hence it will have a high probability of doing good as compared to the other investments. Beta is a measure of the volatility of an investment towards market forces. That measures the rate at which an investment is affected by changes in the market. An investment that has a beta greater than one is very volatile to market forces and it is affected highly by market forces. That ,means that they are relatively risky and usually associated with high risk and returns. For investments that have a bet lower than one, they are less risk and also associated with lower rates of returns. From the 1990’s, china has become a huge player in the industrial area. This is because the country has emerged as a super power in business. The country has been giving stiff competition to the prior year super powers that included the united states. That made the country a super power in businesses. The other thing that made china develop tremendously was its ability to come up with new products that could be sold in different countries at a lower cost. China also took advantage of FDI. FDI is a system whereby a country or business relocates to regions where there is availability of low cost goods or labor. That ensures that the cost to the company are low and the company is able to supply the products to the target market. That means that the availability of cheap labor and raw products will make the supply and production of goods relatively cheaper. China also takes advantage of the countries whereby there is a huge target market. In that case, the target market becomes l arge and it is able to make more profits as compared to

How and in what ways are race,age and gender important factors for Essay

How and in what ways are race,age and gender important factors for understanding the development and operation of the criminal justice system in England and wal - Essay Example In this context, race, age and gender become important because while a prisoner is certainly placed under boundaries of law, s/he does not stop being a human being and it must be noted that s/he has the same right to be treated humanely and with as much importance as those who are not with him/her in prison. The treatments and the rights are controlled by those who are supposed to manage Her Majesty’s prisons and even though things such as the Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights have improved the conditions for many prisoners, there is still a lot more which can be done (Valette, 2002). This is certainly recognised in the corporate objectives outlined by the UK Prison Service but it must also be noted that the external environment of the world at large and the UK in particular is changing rapidly and in the next ten to fifteen years significant alterations can be expected (Beckford, 2005). In this context, gender and age become particularly important since recent research has shown us that young males in prisons are particularly likely to commit suicide while they are in prison. While there is no method by which we can know exactly why a prisoner might kill him/herself we are told by the Royal College of Psychiatrists that there are certain risk factors associated with individuals who have previously committed suicide in prisons (RCP, 2005). Unsurprisingly, these factors are: The lack of support from the prison authorities can have several influences which push a prisoner on the brink to committing suicide. For instance, if a prisoner is seen as being at risk for suicide the need for a constructive relation between the prison authorities and the prisoner is strongly recommended. In fact, positive relationships are the most important means for preventing prison suicides as is a programme

Evaluation of the concept of childhood based on a range of theoretical Essay

Evaluation of the concept of childhood based on a range of theoretical perspectives - Essay Example The qualities of purity, innocence, delight, faith, hope, charity and magnificence are attributed to a child—traits that people seem to lose upon reaching adulthood. To better comprehend the concept of a child, the different perceptions associated with a child should be further tackled and scrutinized. Traditionally, a child has been defined as a comparative negative: a child is an individual who is not yet an adult (Van Bueren 1998) or an individual embodied being that is not an adult (Gittins 1998). However, the child is a transitory being that is constantly changing, growing and developing (Gittins 1998). During the time of Plato and Aristotle, about half a century before the birth of Christ, the classical Athenian attitude towards children saw them as simply cute, not to be taken too seriously, but to be loved and enjoyed (Frost 2010). Biologically, the child is defined as a human between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of a child, on the contrary, im plies that the child refers to a minor, younger than the age of maturity. Moreover, a child may be defined as someone who is under 18 years old especially when it comes to the law. For Pufall and Unsworth (2004), the child is an age-related concept which is the classificatory label given to the category of people who inhabit that temporal space or time of life called childhood. On the other hand, Gittins (1998) also pointed out that the child and the concept of childhood is a myth, a fiction, an adult construction. However, both have become symbolically central to our culture and psychologically crucial to our sense of self. Gittins (1998) further adds that the child exists in imagery that pervades our conscious and even in our unconscious minds; it is evident that images of a child are everywhere. Childhood, on the contrary, is believed to begin from the moment of conception (Van Bueren 1998). Pufall and Unsworth (2004) stressed that the term childhood embraces the temporality of t he developmental aspects of children’s lives. Gittins (1998) emphasized that individuals’ memories of their own childhoods inform their ideas regarding who they think they are, who they think they once were, what they believe children are and therefore, what they believe a child and the concept of childhood should be. Mash and Wolfe (2010) recognize children as persons with a value independent of any other purpose. Each and every person consequently carries their own, usually well-hidden and frequently denied, emotional and irrational baggage relating to their own subjective experiences of having once been a child (Gittins 1998). On the contrary, according to Kozier et al (2004) if a child grew up in a family whose members appreciate, respect and cherish each other are likely to feel good about himself when he becomes an adult. Childhood, however, has its pessimistic views and disapproving constructions. One example is the Puritan Discourse of childhood that focuses on the belief of inherent wickedness (Kassem 2010). Kassem (2010) further suggests that the proponents of this view hold a construction of childhood as uncivilized. The idea of childhood is also reflected on two discourses that strengthen contemporary understandings of childhood: the Romantic discourse or the optimistic view of childhood and the discourse of tabula rasa or blank slate. Kehily (2004) cited that the Romantic disc

Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Data Analysis - Assignment Example Using the Sharpe ratio, the mutual funds for FLCSX are still the best when comparing the risk and return for the investment. JFMAX is the stock that has been greatly diversified. This is because it sells in many countries in different countries. That will ensure that the risk of loss is reduced because it will be subject to a few issues and hence it will have a high probability of doing good as compared to the other investments. Beta is a measure of the volatility of an investment towards market forces. That measures the rate at which an investment is affected by changes in the market. An investment that has a beta greater than one is very volatile to market forces and it is affected highly by market forces. That ,means that they are relatively risky and usually associated with high risk and returns. For investments that have a bet lower than one, they are less risk and also associated with lower rates of returns. From the 1990’s, china has become a huge player in the industrial area. This is because the country has emerged as a super power in business. The country has been giving stiff competition to the prior year super powers that included the united states. That made the country a super power in businesses. The other thing that made china develop tremendously was its ability to come up with new products that could be sold in different countries at a lower cost. China also took advantage of FDI. FDI is a system whereby a country or business relocates to regions where there is availability of low cost goods or labor. That ensures that the cost to the company are low and the company is able to supply the products to the target market. That means that the availability of cheap labor and raw products will make the supply and production of goods relatively cheaper. China also takes advantage of the countries whereby there is a huge target market. In that case, the target market becomes l arge and it is able to make more profits as compared to

Evaluation of the concept of childhood based on a range of theoretical Essay

Evaluation of the concept of childhood based on a range of theoretical perspectives - Essay Example The qualities of purity, innocence, delight, faith, hope, charity and magnificence are attributed to a child—traits that people seem to lose upon reaching adulthood. To better comprehend the concept of a child, the different perceptions associated with a child should be further tackled and scrutinized. Traditionally, a child has been defined as a comparative negative: a child is an individual who is not yet an adult (Van Bueren 1998) or an individual embodied being that is not an adult (Gittins 1998). However, the child is a transitory being that is constantly changing, growing and developing (Gittins 1998). During the time of Plato and Aristotle, about half a century before the birth of Christ, the classical Athenian attitude towards children saw them as simply cute, not to be taken too seriously, but to be loved and enjoyed (Frost 2010). Biologically, the child is defined as a human between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of a child, on the contrary, im plies that the child refers to a minor, younger than the age of maturity. Moreover, a child may be defined as someone who is under 18 years old especially when it comes to the law. For Pufall and Unsworth (2004), the child is an age-related concept which is the classificatory label given to the category of people who inhabit that temporal space or time of life called childhood. On the other hand, Gittins (1998) also pointed out that the child and the concept of childhood is a myth, a fiction, an adult construction. However, both have become symbolically central to our culture and psychologically crucial to our sense of self. Gittins (1998) further adds that the child exists in imagery that pervades our conscious and even in our unconscious minds; it is evident that images of a child are everywhere. Childhood, on the contrary, is believed to begin from the moment of conception (Van Bueren 1998). Pufall and Unsworth (2004) stressed that the term childhood embraces the temporality of t he developmental aspects of children’s lives. Gittins (1998) emphasized that individuals’ memories of their own childhoods inform their ideas regarding who they think they are, who they think they once were, what they believe children are and therefore, what they believe a child and the concept of childhood should be. Mash and Wolfe (2010) recognize children as persons with a value independent of any other purpose. Each and every person consequently carries their own, usually well-hidden and frequently denied, emotional and irrational baggage relating to their own subjective experiences of having once been a child (Gittins 1998). On the contrary, according to Kozier et al (2004) if a child grew up in a family whose members appreciate, respect and cherish each other are likely to feel good about himself when he becomes an adult. Childhood, however, has its pessimistic views and disapproving constructions. One example is the Puritan Discourse of childhood that focuses on the belief of inherent wickedness (Kassem 2010). Kassem (2010) further suggests that the proponents of this view hold a construction of childhood as uncivilized. The idea of childhood is also reflected on two discourses that strengthen contemporary understandings of childhood: the Romantic discourse or the optimistic view of childhood and the discourse of tabula rasa or blank slate. Kehily (2004) cited that the Romantic disc

Can India Become a Superpower Essay Example for Free

Can India Become a Superpower Essay Can India become a Superpower? The question is common and comes in evey mind, the topic is everlasting and in limeline. For being a superpower a country must have to solve his external and internal conflicts,its true that no country an become a superpower if ts not a developed one and india has yet to devlope andcan be said as an emerging power. Walking on this path is not so smooth you will find thorns that make you lame and sometimes huge rocks are ready to crush you so as India is facing it in this present senario (courption and repeatedly millitant attacks). India: A brief discription India so called as democratic country struggling to become a developed country has got a vast heritage. The overall population of India is 1.2 billion in 2013 and according to survey it will be going to become 1.4 billion in 2025 and in 2050 it will become 1.6 billion. Putting some light on political arena, Indian constitution has parliamentary system, multiparty system, liberal and conservatives. But it doesnt matter what rights we have there in our constitution because all are violated either by us or by governmennt, cant blame on a particular society or league of people. Now, the question comes, why it is not so easy to become a superpower, even we have proved ourself in every section of development? It is not so significant either you have taken your first steps in every section of development but it mainly depends on the factors that converts a country from developing to a developed country. Historical mistakes India has suffered a lot and yet it is suffering from illness, in historical time illness was that we were always being ruptured by foreign invaders Mughals, Englishmen, Portugese etc. The reason was our weakness because at that time trading were made on a large scale and to fullfill our needs manual manufacturing starts declining and industrial revolution take place which was the father of modern history and guess who was the mother none other than renissance that is re birth. Re birth of rationalism so the people of India were divided in many parts and didnt accept this change, now we are facing a big problem as at that time we belive in rituals not on reasons. The reason was, we were not united and till now we are facing the same problem of unity. Internal conflicts As disscused above the first problem we face is Being a united nation but not a united one that is, we say that India is a secular country, every one can follow his/her religion and yes we are enjoying it alot but somehow religion has divided us. The best example, RESERVATION, it is boldly mark because the worst thing to face and to fight, its quite similar to a railway reservation, for that you have to wait for your call, but it never comes because the middle man has reserved all the tickets for journey, here the middle man are bureaucrats. And on other hand the politicians are using it as a weapon to fill their vote banks, the manner, is giving reservation on the bases of religion and earning votes according to it. They alone cant be blame because its we who support them for our own cause. Not only reservation there are many problems like Hindu Muslim conflict, telangana case, diffrent language (yes its also a cause for not being united) etc are also responsible and wrtting on this will take a lot pages and suffcient time. External conflicts India is surrounded by lot many neighbours like Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, China, Bangladesh, Afganistan and Sri Lanka. India Has bilatreal relation with all its neighbours and trying to maintain it but if we talk about Pakistan one of the oldest enemy of India causing a lot trouble supported by China. Recently there was a heavy load of firing in Poonch, Kashmir after PAK elects its Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who promised to solve problems with India regarding there relation. If we recall our memory Sri Lanka used to say that the LTTE is supported by India to break them. So its quite clear even though we have bilateral relation with our neighbours, we are facing a sense of rebel from there side. Terrorism One of the most significant problem faced by India which is restraining it to become a super power. The word terrorism always recall us Kargil war(1999), 26/11 mumbai attack, Dantewada tragedy and recently the attack on congressmen, not only this a lot many more attacks we have faced. PAK millitants has threaten so called heaven Kashmir anad on eastern side and central part Naxalites responsible for killing innocent people. Naxalites are considerd as terrorist organisation after Unlawfull Activites (Prevention) Act 1967 and also a most dangerous internal threat. Terrorism does not posses any shape, size, face, religion or community it is only to threaten people with gun power. Courption Last but not the least courption one of the major threat which is rotening our admistrative system from inside getting us weak and if we are weak than its only a dream to become a superpower. It adversly effects our economy. No particular person is responsible for it we all are responsible for it. All those scam like 2g colgate and CWG has an immense effect on our GDP rate,4.7% fourth quatqer of 2013 from 6.2% according to 2011-12 fiscal, which make us to count on Hindu rate of growth that is slow rate of growt. The above mention are some of the significant cause apart from others, which are blocking India to become a superpower. No doubt its true that after independence we have raised ourself to a better level in the feild of science, tourism, culture etc, but the goal is far away to achive and presently India is emerging as a superpower.

Factors Driving Hiv Aids Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay

Factors Driving Hiv Aids Epidemic Health And Social Care Essay This report aims to understand social and behavioral factors driving the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Inequalities fuel the spread of HIV/ AIDS on many different levels such as poverty, gender, education and health. Poor and vulnerable populations are most at risk from HIV/AIDS whereas wealthy countries that can afford access to anti retro viral drugs , have functioning health care systems and education policies in place; have a significantly lower rate of infection. The stigma surrounding HIV compounds these effects and the vulnerable remain marginalized and most at risk. The Nature of HIV/AIDS: A Global Pandemic: HIV/AIDS is a new epidemic in our history There currently is no cure and no vaccine for HIV/AIDS. HIV is transmissible through sexual contact both homosexual and heterosexual, injecting drug users and other rare occurrences of transmission such as blood transfusions. HIV has a long period of infection and between infection and illness. The world wide population of people living with HIV in 2008 was 33.4 million, with 31.3 million being adults, 15.7 million being female and 2.1 million being children under 15 years of age. In 2008, 2.7 million people were newly infected with HIV; 2.0 million people died from AIDS related illnesses and today it remains one of the leading causes of death globally. There is large variation between countries and regions of HIV/AIDS prevalence and according to epidemiological patterns; the disease is evolving with changing epidemic patterns in different regions globally. In Australia at the end of 2008 18,000 people were living with HIV. The transmission of HIV in Australia is primarily through sexual contact between homosexual men however the infection has also been transmitted through heterosexual contact and injecting drug users. In Thailand the population living with HIV/AIDS is 610,000, HIV/AIDS is primarily transmitted through heterosexual contact, injecting drug users and sex workers. In Thailand more than 1 in 100 adults of a population of 65 million is infected with HIV, and AIDS has become a leading cause of death. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most heavily affected HIV/AIDS area, in 2008 two thirds (67%) of the HIV/AIDS infected population worldwide remained in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa in total has 22.4 million people living with HIV/AIDS. Heterosexual exposure is the primary mode of transmission of HIV with females being more heavily affected by HIV. In the year 2008 there were 1.4 million AIDS related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Life Course of HIV/AIDS Infection: The greatest challenge facing developing countries is the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the realization that it threatens not only human life but decades of development (Polgar, 2002). The disease attacks and destroys families and communities that place heavy financial burden on the economy (World Health Organization, 2010). Globally, the most vulnerable are the poor, women and young girls, prostitutes, injecting drug users and children of infected mothers. Dependent upon the mode of transmission, location and availability of treatment, the survival rate is between 1 to 11 years. A reduction of 80% of the disease has been achieved with treatments such as the anti-retroviral drugs, but the long term effects can cause secondary infections and malignancies that are associated with a compromised immune system. The increased spread of HIV/AIDS has affected social networks by conflict and displacement. Biologically women are more susceptible to contracting HIV than males due to hormonal changes, v aginal microbial ecology and physiology, and a higher prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (Quinn Overbaugh, 2005). The individual determinants of female vulnerability to HIV include gender inequity, poverty, cultural and sexual expectations, violence and lack of education. A large majority of older people that are living in low or middle-income countries can account for 70% of the ageing population worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2010) The opportunity to build the infrastructure necessary to address this demographic trend is much briefer because population ageing is occurring faster in countries, such as South Africa. There is a high risk of people falling into poverty in older age that may increase with reduction of family size. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS and the high mortality rate among adults has increased in numbers and skipped whole generations. Increasing numbers of the younger generation have died in the AIDS epidemic, leaving the surviving adults to take on the responsibility in caring for the sick, especially the poorer families (Stover et al, 2002 pp.73-77) The economic affects of HIV/AIDS at the Micro and Macro Levels: Developing countries bear the burden of the cost of HIV/AIDS. HIV not only negatively impacts households but also business and the pool of available workers. The result is a reversal of development and the United Nations (2007) argue that HIV/AIDS is the single most significant factor in this. (United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report, 2007). The damage that the epidemic has done to the economy, which, in turn, has made it more difficult for countries to respond to the crisis illustrates this negative development. Those who contract the disease are generally young and come from the most productive age group in society (18-40 year olds). The income of the family is eroded, not only due to the loss of the sick members income, but also because other family members stop working to care for their ill family members (Aus.Aid, 2001). Any savings a family has is soon eaten away by increased health related costs and the decreased income. The children are then forced into work and education is abandoned resulting in a cycle of poverty and disease that it is difficult, if not impossible to get out of. This results in a knock on effect in the broader community by reduced spending and lower demand for goods, which in turn may affect business output and the entire countries economic growth (Dhai, 2008). HIV/AIDS also affects the labour force. As the virus devastates an entire generation of people, skilled and experienced workers are lost, resulting in decreased productivity and reduced business prosperity. Amongst those who are able to work, productivity is likely to decline as a result of HIV-related illness. This in turn can affect the international competitiveness of a country and, foreign investment resulting in new opportunities, will go elsewhere. The World Bank identifies determinants for economic growth and HIV has undermined some of the most important; social capital, human capital and household savings (Bonnel, 2000). Falling tax revenue means decreased government revenue. This, combined with pressure to spend on health care to respond to the expanding epidemic often results in negative national growth. Thus, in countries that can least afford it HIV/AIDS has reduced economic growth and increased poverty (Bor, 2007). Poverty in turn, fuels the spread of the disease. Discrimination and Stigma of HIV/AIDS: In recent years there has been increasing recognition of the importance of analyzing the social and environmental aspects surrounding individuals living with HIV/AIDS. One social aspect in particular that has received a lot of interest within research is HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination. It is widely recognized that the negative social responses to this epidemic can have an extremely negative impact on the lives of people living with the disease (Parker and Aggleton, 2003). One person to voice the extensive impact of stigma and discrimination in relation to HIV/AIDS was Jonathan Mann, the founding director of the world health organizations former global program on aids. Mann distinguished between 3 different phases of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in any community. The first being the epidemic of HIV/AIDS infection, secondly HIV/AIDS itself as a disease and thirdly, the epidemic of social, cultural, economic and political responses to the disease which, he stated , was characterize d in a large part by extremely high levels of stigma, discrimination and collective denial. He claimed this to be as central to the global AIDS challenge as the disease itself (Parker Aggleton, 2003). Stigma and discrimination are part of complex systems of beliefs that people have relating to illness and disease and, can be caused by a number of factors including a lack of knowledge about the disease, and fear of contamination. It can also derive from other existing inequalities relating to race, gender, class and sexuality (Parker Aggleton, 2003 ; Anderson, Elam, Gerver, Solarin, Fenton Easterbrook, 2008) Stigma and discrimination cause numerous social inequalities and reinforce negative stereotypes which can lead to status loss and unequal outcomes for those with the disease (Castro Farmer, 2005). Stigma and discrimination are also associated with increased levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, engaging in avoidant coping strategies, loneliness and suicidal ideation (Courte nay-Quirk, Wolitski, Parsons, Gomez Seropositive Urban mens study team, 2006). The Global Challenges of HIV/AIDS and the Living Environment: The course of HIV/AIDS can vary considerably among individuals with the disease, and when analyzing these differences a number of factors should be taken into account. It is important to not only reflect on the behavior and actions of the individual, but to also to consider the environmental factors surrounding them as they can have a significant effect on the likelihood of individuals seeking and receiving appropriate care. The challenges to receiving care can vary greatly depending on a large number of factors including, but not limited to, location, gender, culture and socio-economic status. However, there are a number of environmental factors that appear to have the greatest effect on the course of the disease. A study named the HIV aware/not in care project (cited in Nichols, Tchounwou, Mena Sarpong, 2009) identified a number of these Environmental barriers to productive living and care. These barriers included difficulty in receiving care, negative provider patient relationshi ps, lack of family support, funding for care and societal attitudes toward HIV/aids. A similar study named the effects of environmental factors on persons living with HIV/AIDS. Nichols et al.(2009); found that the environmental factors that had the most negative effect on patients living with HIV/AIDS were transportation, surroundings, government policies, attitudes and the natural environment. Both studies demonstrated that if these environmental factors are addressed, there negative effect is reduced which often improves the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS and Social Justice : Social justice is quite simply defined as being the right to fairness and reasonableness, especially with the way people are treated or how decisions regarding their health are made. Every human being has a right to good health. To remove this right is an act of social injustice (Gostin Powers, 2006). In western countries, such as Australia, anti-retroviral drugs are available on the PBS for the treatment of HIV. How can this be fair, when there are countries with millions of people suffering from HIV/AIDS and, who, do not have access to these life changing drugs. Out of 6 million people worldwide that require anti-retroviral drugs, only 8% are receiving them (Galvao, 2005). This is highlighted by the research showing that in sixty five countries throughout the world, that are of low or middle income, with a combined population of four billion people, patenting is very rare and there are limited drugs available, one of which is the anti-retroviral drugs needed for treatment of HIV/A IDS (Attaran, 2004). This, quite simply, is a prime example of the drug manufacturers being concerned only for their profit, not for the health of the people that this drug would benefit. The universal declaration of human rights, as stated in (Heywood, 2010) declares that a standard of living that is adequate for the health and well being of oneself, which includes basic housing, food and treatment to medical care, is a right that should be available to everyone, regardless of geographic location. HIV/AIDS and the Health Care System: Many factors contribute to the rate of clinical progression of HIV /AIDS and that can include age, gender, cultural beliefs, discrimination and stigma, host susceptibility, immunity, co-infections and access to appropriate healthcare. Globally, tuberculosis is the largest co-infection health concern and can be directly cause by HIV/AIDS. The morbidity rate is extremely high in developing countries and approximately a third of all HIV- positive individuals will develop tuberculosis before they die. The overlap between the epidemiology of HIV and tuberculosis has put a huge burden on the health systems especially in Africa. A reduction of both these infections can only be achieved by locating and screening cases, reducing reactivation and transmission of tuberculosis and reducing HIV transmission (Godfrey-Faussett Ayles, 2003). Although there has been a substantial improvement to healthcare, some nurses believe there is still a degree of risk when caring for those infected with the AIDS virus. Some of the personal and social factors that may contribute to this are the associated stigma of the disease, attitudes of the health professionals and community, acquired AIDS knowledge and personal safety (Preston Esther M. Forti, 2000). Available healthcare, increased life expectancy and better health outcomes are determined by social environments and life style behaviours. The necessary improvements can only be made by health development and simple policy changes. These changes, such as redistribution of income, targeting of taxation systems and implementing social programs focus towards primary care as well as community participation (Peters Garces, 2009). Approaches to prevention and the spread of HIV can be influenced by the social, cultural and religious beliefs in a country. The majority of people living wi th HIV/AIDS in the poorer countries seek international advocacy to assist financially and provide access to the antiretroviral drugs. By assisting partner countries, the Australian Government has implemented strategies to significantly reduce and reverse the spread of HIV and AIDS (Meier, 2007). DISCUSSION: For the past decade women have born the brunt of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In Africa women constitute 60% those infected with AIDS. In many societies women have a lower social and economic standing than men simply because they are women. In Africa this makes women more at risk of being infected with HIV, and then HIV causes women to fall deeper into poverty in a terrible cycle. Women often lack the social and economic power to insist on practising safe-sex leaving them vulnerable to HIV transmission from their sexual partners. In comparison it is interesting to note that in Thailand and Cambodia, as a result of education programs, condom use amongst sex workers has risen to 90% and these behavioural changes have had a positive impact on the spread of the disease. In Australia, HIV/AIDS has had little impact on the female population and remains predominately confined to the gay community and intravenous drug users . Women have a higher social standing in the community, are able to demand safe sex practices with partners and are educated, as a result of government programs about the virus. As a result the infection rate amongst Australian women is relatively low with 18,000 people infected but only 1200 of those are women . (un.aids.org, 2008). This comparison shows how beneficial education programs can be, even in countries where women struggle to achieve a higher social and economic standing and how raising the standing of women will assist in the shrinking of the spread of the disease. Women in developing countries also bear the burden of care that results from the virus. Often they are infected with the virus by their sexual partners and also are left to provide for the household if the male dies. This leaves women in developing countries trapped in a vicious cycle. The poverty they face leaves them vulnerable and often in a position where they are unable to demand safe sex practices. Removing the stigma associated with HIV enables women to seek medical care and the life prolonging drugs that allow them to remain the sole provider and carer for the family. The disease is not just about health, Its also about education. Education is an agent of change bringing economic independence to both males and females. Education is seen as a basic human right but many people in developing countries lack access to even basic literacy and numeracy skills. In many societies sex is a difficult subject to address and it needs to be openly and publicly discussed to educate vulnerable groups about minimising the risk of transmission and remove some of the stigma that surrounds HIV. In Australia, public health education campaigns were used early in the diseases lifespan to educate the population about the safe sex message and methods of transmission. As a result of these campaigns a public discourse was opened, sex became a more acceptable topic of discussion and some of the stigma surrounding the disease was removed. The use of condoms became socially acceptable and widely demanded. Thailand, too, tackled these difficult social issues and the results are evident in the decline of new infection rates, especially amongst women. However, African nations were and are slow to act. Condom use remains a difficult topic to address; this is compounded by many religious groups who refuse to advocate for condom use. Whilst developed countries are better able to fund these campaigns and provide free condoms; the social and economic cost to Africa and other developing nations may have been greatly reduced if action in this area was swift. Embroiled in gender and education is poverty. Poverty restricts access to health care, education and economic independence. Poverty prevents governments taking effective action on a national level, restricts health care access on a community level and impacts on the everyday lives of those living with the disease. By addressing poverty in communities most at risk, people will remain in their communities and not travel away for work and bring the disease back. It would be hoped this lessens the spread of HIV. Increased access to health care allows those already living with HIV to access drugs and those at risk of the disease to become educated on paths of transmission. We have discussed how wealthy nations have minimised the rate of infection through education and public health campaigns but these rely on the funds being available to initiate such programs. Universal access to life saving drugs is a concept that is widely discussed in relation to HIV/AIDS and whilst this would undoubtedly be beneficial it requires political and business leaders to show goodwill. Yet it would also bring many challenges; how would these drugs be distributed? In many countries health care workers are dying of HIV and health care systems and distribution networks are almost non existent. Who would educate the general public about the treatments and monitor compliance? In countries like Papua New Guinea, the mountainous terrain and numerous languages add another barrier to effective education and distribution of treatments. At some point since HIV/AIDS was first identified it stopped being solely a health issue and became an issue of inequality. Inequalities between developed and developing countries mean that the disease has hit hardest where the people can least afford it. Gender inequalities have meant that women find themselves in a position that leaves them vulnerable to being infected. Economic inequalities make access to drugs difficult . Poverty results from the disease and also fuels the disease. Lack of access to education leaves people unable to break free of the poverty cycle and helps fuel the stigma that surrounds the disease. Lack of political will and action has condemned millions of people to a cycle of disease and poverty. Greed on behalf of large pharmaceutical companies has denied millions of people life improving drugs. Never before has an illness affected entire countries from the poorest person to the most powerful and every facet of that country from the economic system, through to the health care and education systems. HIV/AIDS is not just an illness, it is also socially determined and as such a vaccine or a cure is only part of the required solution.

Holens Breakdown :: essays papers

Holens Breakdown â€Å"This fall I think you’re riding for- it’s a special kind of fall, a horrible kind. The man falling isn’t permitted to feel or hear himself hit the bottom. He just keeps falling and falling. The whole arrangement’s designed for men who, at some time or other in their lives, were looking for something their own environment couldn’t supply them with. So they gave up looking. They gave it up before they ever really even got started.† Holden Caulfield’s fall to psychological breakdown begins with his brother Allie’s death. To Holden, Allie represents everything that was good in this world. When Allie is first described, Holden only says great things about him. â€Å"You’d have liked him... He was terrifically intelegent... He was the nicest (member of the family).† Therefore when Allie dies, the good things in his world disappears. After this first major event, Holden gradually realizes that he is powerless to change the evil and corrupt world that he lives in. Holden is looking for something that his own environment couldn’t supply him, the only thing that he ever liked, Allie. â€Å"Just because somebody’s dead, you don’t just stop liking them, for God’s sake- especially if they were about a thousand times nicer than the people you know that’re alive and all.† Another early event in Holden’s life is the death of James Castle. Holden sees himself as James in many ways. James would not take back what he said about a conceited boy, and jumped out of the window before he would do something that he did not believe in. Holden is the same in many ways. He refuses to accept the fact that the world is evil, and does everything in his power to change it. â€Å"The mark of an immature man is that he wants to die nobly for a cause, while the mark of a mature one is that humbly for one.† Another similarity between them both is that James was wearing Holden’s sweater when he fell out of the window. As he saw James lying on the ground, Holden sees a part of himself die with him. The part that dies is the part that believes in the goodness of people and the world. Holden’s tendency to get kicked out of schools is both a reason and effect of

The Life Of Anne Frank :: essays research papers

The Life of Anne Frank On the Deportations "Our many Jewish friends and acquaintances are being taken away in droves. The Gestapo is treatiang them very roughly and transporting them in cattle cars to Westerbork, the big camp in Drenthe to which they're sending all the Jews....If it's that bad in Holland, what must it be like in those faraway and uncivilized places where the Germans are sending them? We assume that most of them are being murdered. The English radio says they're being gassed."-- October 9, 1942 On Her Old Country, Germany "Fine specimens of humanity, those Germanns, and to think I'm actually one of them! No, that's not true, Hitler took away our nationality long ago. And besides, there are no greater enemies on earth than the Germans and Jews."-- October 9, 1942 On Nazi Punishment of Resisters "Have you ever heard the term 'hostages'? That's the latest punishment for saboteurs. It's the most horrible thing you can imagine. Leading citizens-- innocent people—are taken prisoner to await their execution. If the Gestapo can't find the saboteur, they simply grab five hostages and line them up against the wall. You read the announcements of their death in the paper, where they're referred to as 'fatal accidents.'"--October 9, 1942 "All college students are being asked to sign an official statement to the effect that they 'sympathize with the Germans and approve of the New Order." Eighty percent have decided to obay the dictates of their conscience, but the penalty will be severe. Any student refusing to sign will be sent to a German labor camp."--May 18, 1943 Here is were the story begins ... On June 12, 1942, Anne Frank's parents gave her a small red-and-white plaid diary for her thirteenth birthday. Anne recorded her innermost feelings in her diary, which she named "Kitty." Less than a month after receiving her diary, on July 6, 1942, Anne and her family were forced to go into hiding. Though they could bring very few things with them to the hiding place, Anne brought her diary. During the months Anne lived in hiding, her diary became her best friend and confidant. In hiding, Anne continued to write in her diary nearly every day. She wrote about her life with the seven other people in hiding--her parents, her sister, the van Pels family (called the van Daan family by Anne), and Fritz Pfeffer (called Alfred Dussel by Anne), as well as the war going on around her, and her hopes for the future. When she filled up her original diary, Miep Gies and Bep Voskuijl, two of the family's helpers,brought her ledgers and loose sheets of paper to continue

Difference Between Personal and Professional Ethics

. What is your perception of personal ethics Vs professional ethics? If different, can you explain the difference? A brief definition of personal ethics according to me would be an individual's belief about morality or conscience . It defines our stand on what is right or wrong. This branch of ethics gradually develops since our childhood and tend to emulate the things which are set as an moral value to us by our parents or guardians in the family. It can heavily be influenced from any major incident in our life. Again I believe every individual may have its own definition of code of personal ethics. It can overlap at times or it may conflict with one another as well e. g a vegetarian may find eating non veg food as a crime. Personal ethics can influence all different areas of life such as family,finances,religion or relationship. Here the individual has the liberty and the freedom to choose his/her own set of rules if his concience conflict with that of the sorrounding's. Professional ethics defines adherence to rules and regulation . Here the individual is expected to follow religiously, the code of ethics framed by the organization . It can be heavily influenced by the culture of the organization but it cannot change as frequently as the personal ethics. There may be at times where our personal ethics can conflict with our professional one ,for instance, when a judge enforces a death sentence on a criminal as per our law even if he is personally against death penalty. So by setting out expected behaviour in the form of professional ethics,professionals try to uphold a good reputation. On the other hand,professionals are also expected to be honest and respect the code of ethics by not getting involved in any conflict of interest. A conflict of situation may occur if an individual tries to achieve personal goal while at profession which ultimately leads to corruption. Coming across various range of people in personal and professional life , I generally find people carrying the same attitude in both sphere of life. In short ,there is definitely a line between personal and professional ethics,but that line to me is very thin and fine

Martin’s Textiles

Case #1- Martin’s Textiles The survival of Martin’s Textiles is very much in doubt with the enactment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which would not only eliminate tariffs but also allow an increase in the quota for Canada and Mexico to ship textiles to the United States. Compounding the issue, Martin’s Textiles has been registering small losses the past several years and is in danger of losing major customers. Therefore, John Martin, CEO of Martin’s Textiles, has to decide whether to move production of his company to Mexico in order to lower labor costs or keep production in the United States, where the company has good labor relations with its employees. In regards to the dilemma that Martin’s Textiles face, I would recommend that the company move its production base to Mexico in order to lower labor costs and stay competitive within the industry. Martin’s Textiles was founded in 1910 and has spanned four generations of the Martin family. However, with the implementation of NAFTA, all tariffs between the United States, Canada, and Mexico would be eliminated within the next 10 to 15 years with most tariffs cut in 5 years. Especially impactful for Martin’s Textiles was the plan’s provision that all tariffs on trade of textiles among the three countries would be removed within 10 years. Even more devastating for the textile industry was that the quota for Mexico and Canada to ship clothing and textiles to the United States each year would rise slightly over the first five years of the agreement. Thus, many textile competitors moved operations to Mexico in response to increased cost competition since the textile industry involved low-skilled and labor-intensive business. In order to cut costs, John Martin needed to lower his labor costs and the only surefire way to do so would be to move production south to Mexico. However, Martin’s textiles has always had great labor relations with its workers and John Martin prided himself on knowing most of the names of employees and even knowing family circumstances of the longtime employees. Therefore, John Martin needed to decide whether to move production down south to Mexico to save costs and keep up with the competition or keep production in the United States where the company has developed strong employee relations. In evaluating what decision John Martin should make, there are several factors that he must consider. The first issue is the economic costs of the business. In the manufacturing industry, work is defined as low-skilled but labor-intensive and thus costs are driven by wage rates and labor productivity. Therefore, it is not so difficult to find workers that are able to work in the textile industry but the challenge in recruiting workers is that the work is very labor intensive. In evaluating the cost of labor, it is important to find workers willing to work for low wages and also ones that are self-motivated and have high workmanship. In addition, another factor to consider is the social costs. As mentioned above, Martin’s Textiles has strong employee relations and thus workers are loyal and have high workmanship. Thus, would the company’s brand take a hit by moving production to Mexico and releasing 1,500 employees, many of whom have been with the company for many years. On the other side, how would Mexican workers respond to the working culture of Martin’s Textiles and would workers show the same loyalty and workmanship that the current employees show? Finally, one has to consider the competitors and rival products when evaluating this decision. What are your competitors doing and how are their products compared to yours in terms of pricing and quality. In evaluating whether Martin’s Textiles should shift production to Mexico or stay in the United States, I believe that the best choice would be to move production plants to Mexico instead of keeping production in the United States. In looking at both alternatives through a SWOT analysis (for a diagram view look at Appendix A and B), it is evident that moving production to Mexico is the more desirable option. First we will look at the option to keep production in the United States, where there are several strengths in this decision. Martin’s Textiles would be able to maintain its strong labor relationship with employees that is has built over the years and consequently not have to deal with labor disputes. Also, the company would not have to invest additional resources in building or purchasing a production plant in Mexico as well as having to move equipment down south. In the short run, they would be able to enjoy the benefits of tariffs in trade. But there are also weaknesses to this decision as well. For one, the company would have to deal with cheap imports coming from Asia and now Mexico since those countries have the advantage of cheaper labor. Also, the company would not have the benefits of a trade barrier with the enactment of NAFTA. Whereas before, the company could justify having higher prices since cheaper imports were subjected to quotas and tariffs; now the higher costs that Martin’s Textiles employed would no longer be protected. Thus, Martin’s Textiles could lose a lot of its clientele since many could opt for cheaper alternatives with the same quality. Additionally, the tariff barrier will be rescinded within 10 years creating further problems for Martin’s Textiles if it is still operating. An opportunity that could arise if Martin’s Textiles decided to remain in the United States would be to brand itself as an â€Å"All-American† company. Since the whole operation of the company is based in the United States, Martin’s Textiles can market itself as such and hope that the patriotism and nationalism card will resonate with its customers. Threats or risks that may come up if Martin’s Textiles decides to stay in the United States could be that the company will not be able to survive the higher labor costs and that its competitors could undercut prices so much that Martin’s Textiles would no longer be viable. Customers have already threatened to leave if costs are not reduced so the company has to figure out a way to cut costs. If it decides that it won’t cut labor costs, then there has to be cuts in other parts of the company. Whether it is the sales force, research and development, or the designers, another part of the company will have to suffer cuts. Next, we consider the alternative of moving production to Mexico and after evaluating this decision through a SWOT analysis, it is clear that moving production to Mexico is the favored decision. One of the strengths of this decision is that the economic costs are highly favorable. The labor cost for textile workers in Mexico are less than $2 per hour compared to the wage rate paid to workers in the unionized New York plant, $12. 50 per hour. In addition by moving production to Mexico, Martin’s Textiles will be able to avoid cost disadvantages that they would have faced by keeping their production base in the United States. In the United States, there are tougher and stricter labor laws, regulations and standards than in other countries. Therefore, Martin’s Textiles will be at a disadvantage to companies in foreign countries with lax labor laws like China. In addition, Martin’s Textiles will be able to enjoy the benefits of the NAFTA agreement now that they have moved their production base to Mexico. The trade agreement allows for an increase in the quota of Mexican and Canadian clothing and textiles to the shipped to the United States. Additionally, tariffs on trade of textiles would be removed within 10 years. Finally, moving production to Mexico would allow Martin’s Textiles to keep most of its major customers as they will be able to enjoy the benefits of lower prices in products since labor costs have been reduced dramatically. However, there are also weaknesses for Martin’s Textiles in moving production plants down to Mexico. For one, Martin’s Textiles reputation will take a hit as the company has had a long history of good labor relations with its workers. Also, there is a great unknown in the Mexican workforce, as John Martin has heard stories of low productivity, poor workmanship, high turnover, and high absenteeism. For John, this may be an unsettling situation as he has relied on strong employee relations over the years. In addition, it would be hard for Martin’s Textiles to forge the same work culture, as John Martin would have a difficult time establishing relations with foreign workers who speak a different language. An opportunity that could benefit Martin’s Textiles if moving to Mexico would be to expand its production to other garments and clothing if desired since it can now employ cheaper labor. If there is a new hot fad in the United States, Martin’s Textiles would have the opportunity to capitalize due to the immense savings from labor costs, which allow them to hire more workers and expand production. A threat or risk of moving production to Mexico could be that the Mexican government demands a bribe from the company for purchasing a textile plant or building a new one. As seen in Appendix C, Mexico is shaded darker than the United States, which makes it more corrupt. Therefore, Martin’s Textiles could be subjected to paying bribes or buying needless licenses. I believe that the best decision for John Martin to make is to move the company’s production to Mexico instead of keeping production in the United States. Although the company has developed an outstanding record of employee relations and there is great uncertainty with the workforce in Mexico, the economic benefits of moving to Mexico are too great. The company would be saving over $10 per hour on each worker and these savings would allow the company to keep customers. In addition, Martin’s Textiles would be able to keep up with its competitors in Asia and other textile companies that have moved their production to Mexico. Though the decision to move production to Mexico would not be a popular decision locally as many people would be losing their jobs, the vitality of the company is at stake. By not moving production to Mexico, Martin’s Textiles would be at risk of falling behind its competitors and ultimately going out of business.